Cavities in dogs are small holes in a tooth caused by decay. Bacteria in the mouth produce acids that break down enamel and dentine, creating a small dark spot or hole that can grow larger if untreated. Cavities are less common in dogs than in humans, but they do occur, especially on molars and require veterinary diagnosis and, in many cases, treatment.
What are cavities in dogs?
A cavity (also called dental caries) is a permanent defect in a tooth created by bacterial acid that dissolves the mineral structure of the enamel and dentine. In dogs, cavities start when bacteria collect on the tooth surface and produce acid. That acid gradually removes calcium and other minerals from the enamel. Over time, the enamel weakens and a hole - a cavity - forms.
Dogs are less likely than humans to get cavities because most dog teeth are conical and do not trap food as easily. Canine saliva is also more alkaline, which helps neutralise acids. Nevertheless, cavities can and do occur, particularly on the flat chewing surfaces of the molars and in dogs with poor oral hygiene, certain diets, or genetic susceptibility.
What do cavities in dogs look like?
Look for:
- Small dark or brown spots on the tooth surface.
- A visible pit or hole on the chewing surface or side of a tooth.
- Areas that look softer or rougher than the surrounding enamel.
Early cavities may be very small and hard to see. Often, the external opening is small while the internal decay is larger. A veterinary dental exam — sometimes including dental X-rays done under anaesthesia is the most reliable way to find cavities and judge how deep they are.
Signs and symptoms
A dog with a cavity may show subtle or clear signs. Watch for:
- Bad breath (persistent halitosis).
- Reluctance to eat crunchy foods or take treats.
- Dropping food when chewing, or chewing on one side.
- Pawing at the mouth or face.
- Excessive drooling.
- Visible dark spot, hole, or broken tooth.
- Behavioral changes (withdrawal, reduced play) due to pain.
If you notice any of the above, contact your veterinarian. Early detection reduces the chance of advanced tooth damage and pain.
How veterinarians diagnose cavities
Veterinarians evaluate cavities in stages. A full oral exam often requires light general anaesthesia so the vet can inspect, probe, and take dental X-rays safely. Typical staging (used to guide treatment) includes:
- Stage 1 - Enamel only: Early demineralisation; may be reversible with attention to hygiene.
- Stage 2 - Enamel and dentine: Decay has reached the layer below enamel. Treatment is usually needed.
- Stage 3 - Enamel, dentine and pulp: Decay reaches the nerve chamber; infection and pain are likely.
- Stage 4 - Structural crown damage: Significant loss of tooth structure. Extraction or root canal may be required.
- Stage 5 - Majority of crown lost, roots exposed: Advanced disease often requiring extraction.
Dental X-rays are essential to see how far the decay extends inside the tooth and to check root health.
Treatment options
Treatment depends on the stage:
- Early lesions (Stage 1–2): Professional cleaning, topical fluoride or restorative treatment (filling) if appropriate.
- Advanced lesions (Stage 3–4): Root canal therapy may be possible for some teeth to save the crown, but extraction is commonly recommended for heavily damaged or infected teeth.
- Severe lesions (Stage 5): Extraction is usually the safest choice. Antibiotics and pain relief are often prescribed.
Your veterinarian will discuss pros and cons, costs, and aftercare. If a tooth is extracted, most dogs recover quickly and resume normal eating after a short recovery period.
Recovery after dental treatment
After a filling, root canal, or extraction:
- Follow the vet’s instructions about pain medication and antibiotics.
- Offer soft food for a few days if recommended.
- Monitor the mouth daily for swelling, discharge, or continued bleeding.
- Keep follow-up appointments so the vet can confirm healing.
If you notice persistent bleeding, facial swelling, loss of appetite, or signs of pain, contact your vet immediately.
Preventing cavities - simple, effective steps
Prevention is the best approach. Use these practical steps to reduce your dog’s cavity risk:
- Daily toothbrushing: Brush your dog’s teeth daily or several times per week using a dog toothpaste and a soft brush. This removes plaque before it hardens.
- Regular professional dental checks: Annual or biennial vet dental checks (frequency based on age and risk) let the vet find early problems.
- Dental chews and toys: Use veterinarian-approved dental chews and safe chew toys designed to decrease plaque. Avoid very hard items (e.g., rocks, ice, cooked bones) that can fracture teeth.
- Balanced diet: Feed a complete and balanced diet. Some dry diets are formulated to help reduce plaque; speak with your vet about suitable options. Pro Nutrition’s complete formulas support overall oral health as part of a full nutrition plan.
- Water additives and rinses: Approved oral rinses can help reduce bacterial load. Use products recommended by your vet.
- Avoid sugary human foods: Do not feed sweets or sticky human snacks that can adhere to teeth.
- Regular home checks: Inspect your dog’s mouth weekly for changes in colour, smell, or structure.
Consistent care greatly reduces the chance of cavities and keeps your dog comfortable.
Practical toothbrushing tips
- Start slowly and be patient. Let the dog taste dog-safe toothpaste first.
- Use a finger brush or a soft toothbrush designed for dogs.
- Aim for 60–120 seconds per brushing session, targeting the outside surfaces of teeth.
- Reward your dog after brushing with praise or a short play session.
- If daily brushing is not possible, try a regular schedule (every other day) and increase other preventive measures like chews.
When to see the vet
Make an appointment if you notice:
- Visible hole, dark spot, or broken tooth.
- Sudden change in eating habits or pain signs.
- Swelling near the jaw or under the eye (possible tooth root infection).
- Persistent bad breath that doesn’t improve with basic care.
Early veterinary assessment prevents worsening pain and more invasive procedures.
Common questions
Q: Do dogs often get cavities?
A: Cavities are less common in dogs than in humans, but they do occur, especially on molars or in dogs with poor dental care.
Q: Can a dog heal a cavity on its own?
A: No. Once enamel is lost and a cavity forms, it will not self-repair. Veterinary treatment is needed to stop progression and relieve pain.
Q: Are dental chews enough to prevent cavities?
A: Dental chews help reduce plaque but are not a substitute for brushing and professional checks. Use chews as part of a broader oral care routine.
Q: How painful are cavities for dogs?
A: Cavities can be painful, especially when decay reaches the dentine or pulp. Dogs may hide pain, so behaviour changes are important warning signs.
How Pro Nutrition helps
At Pro Nutrition, we believe prevention begins with good daily care and balanced nutrition. Our complete diets are formulated to support dental health as part of overall well-being. For dogs at higher risk of dental disease, consult your veterinarian about specific diets, dental products, or additional measures that best suit your pet’s needs.
Final note
Your dog relies on you to protect its health and comfort. Regular at-home checks, consistent toothbrushing, sensible chews, and routine veterinary dental care are the simplest, most effective ways to prevent cavities and preserve your dog’s smile. If you suspect a cavity or notice any change in your dog’s eating, grooming, or behaviour, contact your veterinarian promptly.